Effectiveness and safety of primary prophylaxis of G-CSF during chemotherapy for prostate cancer, Japanese clinical guideline for appropriate use of G-CSF: clinical practice guidelines for the use of G-CSF 2022.

BACKGROUND: Docetaxel (DTX) is commonly used as a primary chemotherapy, and cabazitaxel (CBZ) has shown efficacy in patients who are DTX resistant. Primary prophylactic granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy is currently used with CBZ treatment in routine clinical care in Japan. METHODS: In this study, we performed a systematic review following the Minds guidelines to investigate the effectiveness and safety of primary prophylaxis with G-CSF during chemotherapy for prostate cancer and to construct G-CSF guidelines for primary prophylaxis use during chemotherapy. A comprehensive literature search of various electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Ichushi) was performed on January 10, 2020, to identify studies published between January 1990 and December 31, 2019 that investigate the impact of primary prophylaxis with G-CSF during CBZ administration on clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Ultimately, nine articles were included in the qualitative systematic review. Primary G-CSF prophylaxis during CBZ administration for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer was difficult to assess in terms of correlation with overall survival, mortality from infection, and patients' quality of life. These difficulties were owing to the lack of randomized controlled trials comparing patients with and without primary prophylaxis of G-CSF during CBZ administration. However, some retrospective studies have suggested that it may reduce the incidence of febrile neutropenia. CONCLUSION: G-CSF may be beneficial as primary prophylaxis during CBZ administration for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, and we made a "weak recommendation to perform" with an annotation of the relevant regimen.

Biweekly vs Triweekly Cabazitaxel in Older Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The CABASTY Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Many patients 65 years or older with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are denied taxane chemotherapy because this treatment is considered unsuitable. Objective: To determine whether biweekly cabazitaxel (CBZ), 16 mg/m2 (biweekly CBZ16), plus prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) at each cycle reduces the risk of grade 3 or higher neutropenia and/or neutropenic complications (eg, febrile neutropenia, neutropenic infection, or sepsis) compared with triweekly CBZ, 25 mg/m2 (triweekly CBZ25), plus G-CSF (standard regimen). Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 196 patients 65 years or older with progressive mCRPC were enrolled in this prospective phase 3 randomized clinical trial conducted in France (18 centers) and Germany (7 centers) between May 5, 2017, and January 7, 2021. All patients had received docetaxel and at least 1 novel androgen receptor-targeted agent. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive biweekly CBZ16 plus G-CSF and daily prednisolone (experimental group) or triweekly CBZ25 plus G-CSF and daily prednisolone (control group). Main Outcome and Measures: The primary end point was the occurrence of grade 3 or higher neutropenia measured at nadir and/or neutropenic complications. Results: Among 196 patients (97 in the triweekly CBZ25 group and 99 in the biweekly CBZ16 group), the median (IQR) age was 74.6 (70.4-79.3) years, and 181 (92.3%) had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1. The median (IQR) follow-up duration was 31.3 (22.5-37.5) months. Relative dose intensities were comparable between groups (median [IQR], 92.7% [83.7%-98.9%] in the triweekly CBZ25 group vs 92.8% [87.0%-98.9%] in the biweekly CBZ16 group). The rate of grade 3 or higher neutropenia and/or neutropenic complications was significantly higher with triweekly CBZ25 vs biweekly CBZ16 (60 of 96 [62.5%] vs 5 of 98 [5.1%]; odds ratio, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.08; P < .001). Grade 3 or higher adverse events were more common with triweekly CBZ25 (70 of 96 [72.9%]) vs biweekly CBZ16 (55 of 98 [56.1%]). One patient (triweekly CBZ25 group) died of a neutropenic complication. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, compared with the standard regimen, biweekly CBZ16 plus G-CSF significantly reduced by 12-fold the occurrence of grade 3 or higher neutropenia and/or neutropenic complications, with comparable clinical outcomes. The findings suggest that biweekly CBZ16 regimen should be offered to patients 65 years or older with mCRPC for whom the standard regimen is unsuitable. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02961257.

Cryothérapie et prévention des neuropathies périphériques induites par l'administration des taxanes / Cryotherapy for the prevention of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy

INTRODUCTION: Plusieurs tumeurs solides sont traitées par des molécules de chimiothérapie, y compris celles appartenant à la famille des taxanes. Ces molécules peuvent provoquer des effets secondaires non négligeables, particulièrement des symptômes de neuropathie des nerfs périphériques induits par la chimiothérapie (NPIC). Ces symptômes se traduisent par des troubles de la sensibilité et des troubles moteurs ainsi que des douleurs aux membres supérieurs et inférieurs. L'impact est important sur la qualité de vie des patients. L'incidence des symptômes de neuropathie des nerfs périphériques se situe entre 30 et 70 % selon la molécule de chimiothérapie administrée, et aucun traitement médical préventif n'a montré d'efficacité à les prévenir ou à les traiter. Certaines équipes de soins en oncologie recourent à des interventions non pharmacologiques pour prévenir les effets neurotoxiques de la chimiothérapie. La cryothérapie, l'une des méthodes employées, consiste à refroidir les mains et les pieds par l'entremise de mitaines refroidies durant les perfusions de chimiothérapie, notamment de taxanes. Le but de cette intervention est de réduire la quantité du flux sanguin aux extrémités et ainsi de prévenir la neurotoxicité. La Direction adjointe du Programme québécois de cancérologie (PQC) et la Direction générale des affaires universitaires, médicales, infirmières et pharmaceutiques (DGAUMIP) du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) ont demandé à l'Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (INESSS) de produire un état des connaissances et d'indiquer la position respective des sociétés savantes sur l'efficacité et l'innocuité de la cryothérapie pour prévenir les neuropathies périphériques induites par les taxanes. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Afin de répondre à ce mandat, une recherche de la littérature scientifique et grise a été effectuée en ciblant les revues systématiques, avec ou sans méta-analyse, les études primaires (essais cliniques à répartition aléatoire ou non), les études de cohortes ainsi que les guides de pratique clinique. Les résumés de conférences ainsi que les études narratives ont été exclus. Les constats retenus ont été présentés et discutés avec le Comité d'évolution des pratiques en oncologie (CEPO) du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux et ont ensuite été révisés par des lecteurs externes. PRINCIPAUX CONSTATS: En se basant sur la documentation scientifique disponible au moment de la rédaction et sur les consultations menées, les constats suivants sont formulés. Contexte et besoin de santé: La toxicité des nerfs périphériques induite par la chimiothérapie est un phénomène fréquent qui touche de 30 à 70 % des patients qui reçoivent une chimiothérapie. Elle se traduit par des paresthésies et parfois des troubles moteurs (troubles de la dextérité, crampes, faiblesse musculaire) qui peuvent être majeurs chez quelques patients. Certains d'entre eux peuvent avoir des séquelles à long terme. La sévérité de ces symptômes a un impact considérable sur la qualité de vie des personnes traitées par la chimiothérapie, y compris par les taxanes. Elle peut même conduire à la réduction des doses de chimiothérapie requises, au retard ou à l'arrêt du traitement oncologique. Neurotoxicité et cryothérapie: Le paclitaxel et le docétaxel sont deux molécules appartenant à la famille des taxanes qui ont un potentiel neurotoxique élevé. Elles sont fréquemment administrées pour traiter de nombreux types de tumeurs solides. L'utilisation de la cryothérapie pour prévenir la neurotoxicité s'inspire des résultats positifs obtenus par l'usage de casques réfrigérants en prévention de l'alopécie durant l'administration de certaines chimiothérapies et par l'utilisation du froid (mitaines et chaussettes réfrigérantes) pour réduire la toxicité unguéale. Sur ce même principe, des équipes de cliniciens de plusieurs pays utilisent des dispositifs, notamment des gants et des chaussettes réfrigérés, appliqués aux extrémités durant les cycles de traitement oncologique dans le but de prévenir les effets toxiques de la chimiothérapie au niveau des nerfs périphériques. Appréciation du niveau de la preuve Scientifique: Les publications de bonne qualité méthodologique sur le sujet sont peu nombreuses. Onze ont été retenues, dont cinq sont à répartition aléatoire, sans insu et portant sur un faible nombre de patients. Les objectifs visés par la cryothérapie ont été faiblement atteints dans les études recensées, et la significativité clinique de la preuve scientifique est incertaine. Les études rapportées sont entachées de nombreuses limites méthodologiques pouvant mener à un risque de biais très élevé, ce qui rend difficile l'interprétation des résultats : manque de cohérence, de crédibilité et de fiabilité. Efficacité et innocuité: Les données disponibles, provenant d'études de qualité méthodologique faible, ne permettent pas de conclure à propos de: -l'efficacité de la cryothérapie pour prévenir les neuropathies périphériques induites par la chimiothérapie; - l'innocuité de la cryothérapie ainsi que la tolérance des patients à l'égard de ce traitement préventif, lequel exige d'être exposé au froid parfois pendant la durée de l'administration. Par contre, les effets secondaires associés à la cryothérapie semblent peu fréquents et de faible intensité dans les quelques études qui les ont évalués. Bien qu'aucune étude n'ait rapporté de cas d'engelure, l'intolérance au froid a été signalée dans six études sur onze et a causé plusieurs cas d'attrition. Il n'a pas été observé d'arrêt de la cryothérapie dans les autres études. La plupart des auteurs mentionnent qu'il serait important de faire des études méthodologiquement plus robustes pour bien évaluer l'efficacité et l'innocuité de la cryothérapie pour la prévention des neuropathies périphériques (NP) induites par les taxanes. Lignes directrices et études en cours: Le seul guide de pratique clinique repéré indique qu'aucune recommandation ne peut être formulée quant à l'usage de diverses options pharmacologiques et non pharmacologiques de prévention des neuropathies des nerfs périphériques, y compris la cryothérapie, en raison de la faible qualité méthodologique des études retenues. Les auteurs de ce guide ajoutent toutefois que, même si la preuve n'est pas faite, les données disponibles suggèrent que la cryothérapie pourrait en partie prévenir les symptômes de neuropathie et que son usage paraît raisonnablement sécuritaire. Perspective des cliniciens et experts: Les cliniciens et les experts consultés reconnaissent : ­ l'important besoin de prévenir les symptômes de neuropathie induite par les taxanes; ­ l'absence de preuves scientifiques concluantes quant à l'efficacité de la cryothérapie en raison du nombre limité d'études disponibles et de la faible qualité méthodologique de celles-ci; ­ la nécessité de disposer d'études de meilleure qualité avant de pouvoir prendre position sur la question. Bien que les résultats observés soient mitigés, certains experts estiment que la cryothérapie représente tout de même un traitement préventif prometteur, puisqu'elle n'induit que peu ou pas d'effets secondaires et que son arrêt à tout moment est possible sans compromettre l'efficacité du traitement oncologique. MISE À JOUR DE L'ÉTAT DES CONNAISSANCES: La pertinence de mettre à jour le présent état des connaissances sera évaluée et déterminée en fonction des résultats de certains essais cliniques en cours à ce sujet. Les résultats de ces derniers devront paraître à partir de 2023-2024. Une mise à jour pourrait être requise advenant un apport significatif de nouvelles données disponibles à l'une ou l'autre des dimensions examinées dans cet état des connaissances.

INTRODUCTION: Many solid tumours are treated with chemotherapy drugs, including those in the taxane family. These drugs can have significant adverse effects, especially symptoms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). These symptoms manifest as sensory and motor disorders and as pain in the upper and lower limbs. The symptoms are associated with poorer quality of life. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy symptoms ranges from 30% to 70%, depending on the chemotherapy drug administered, and no prophylactic medical treatment has been shown to be effective in preventing or treating them. Some cancer care teams use non-pharmacological measures to prevent the neurotoxic effects of chemotherapy. One of the methods used, cryotherapy, involves cooling the hands and feet with frozen gloves and socks during chemotherapy infusions, particularly taxanes. The goal of this measure is to reduce the amount of blood flow to the extremities and thus prevent neurotoxicity. The assistant director of the Québec Cancer Program (PQC) and the Direction générale des affaires universitaires, médicales, infirmières et pharmaceutiques (DGAUMIP) of the Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) asked the Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (INESSS) to produce a state-of-knowledge report and to indicate the learned societies' respective positions regarding the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy for the prevention of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy. METHODOLOGY: For the purpose of this mandate, a search of the scientific and grey literature was conducted, targeting systematic reviews, with or without meta-analysis, primary studies (randomized or non-randomized clinical trials), cohort studies, and clinical practice guidelines. Conference abstracts and narrative studies were excluded. The selected findings were presented and discussed with the Comité d'évolution des pratiques en oncologie (CEPO) and were then reviewed by external reviewers. MAIN FINDINGS: Based on the scientific literature available at the time of writing and on the consultations conducted, the following findings are noted: Context and health need: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity is a common phenomenon affecting 30% to 70% of patients receiving chemotherapy. It manifests as paresthesia and sometimes motor disorders (manipulative dexterity problems, cramps and muscle weakness), which can be significant. Some patients can experience long-term sequelae. The severity of these symptoms can have a considerable impact on the quality of life of patients receiving chemotherapy, including taxanes. It can even lead to a reduction in the required chemotherapy doses or to a delay in or the discontinuation of cancer treatment. Neurotoxicity and cryotherapy: Paclitaxel and docetaxel are two drugs in the taxane family with a high neurotoxic potential. They are often administered to treat many types of solid tumours. The use of cryotherapy to prevent neurotoxicity is inspired by the positive results obtained with the use of cold caps to prevent alopecia after chemotherapies treatment and with the use of cold (frozen gloves and socks) to reduce nail toxicity. Based on this same principle, teams of clinicians in several countries are using devices, such as frozen gloves and socks, placed on the extremities during cancer treatment cycles to prevent the toxic effects of chemotherapy on the peripheral nerves. Assessment of the level of scientific evidence: There are few publications of good methodological quality on the subject. Eleven were selected, five of which were randomized and unblinded and involved small numbers of patients. The objectives of cryotherapy were poorly achieved in the studies identified, and the clinical significance of the scientific evidence is uncertain. The reported studies have numerous methodological limitations that can lead to a very high risk of bias, which makes it difficult to interpret the results: a lack of consistency, credibility and reliability. Efficacy and safety: The available data, which are from studies of low methodological quality, do not permit any conclusions regarding: The efficacy of cryotherapy in preventing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy; ­ The safety of cryotherapy or patients' tolerance of this preventive treatment, which requires exposure to cold, sometimes for the entire duration of administration. Otherwise, the adverse effects associated with cryotherapy appear to be infrequent and mild in the few studies that have assessed them. Although no studies reported any cases of frostbite, cold intolerance was reported in six of eleven studies and caused several cases of attrition. No cases of cryotherapy discontinuation were observed in the other studies. Most authors mention that more methodologically robust studies are needed to properly evaluate the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy for the prevention of taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (PN). Guidelines and ongoing studies: The only clinical practice guideline found states that no recommendation can be made regarding the use of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological options for preventing peripheral neuropathy, including cryotherapy, because of the low methodological quality of the selected studies. However, the authors of the guideline add that, while this has not been proven, the available data do suggest that cryotherapy may partially prevent neuropathy symptoms and that its use appears to be reasonably safe. Perspective of clinicians and experts: The clinicians and experts consulted recognize: The important need to prevent symptoms of taxane-induced neuropathy; The lack of conclusive scientific evidence for the efficacy of cryotherapy due to the limited number of studies available and their low methodological quality; Although the results observed are mixed, some experts feel that cryotherapy is a promising preventive treatment, since it has few or no major adverse effects and can be stopped at any time without compromising the effectiveness of the cancer treatment. The need for better-quality studies before a position can be taken on the matter. UPDATE OF THIS STATE-OF-KNOWLEDGE REPORT: The advisability of updating this state-of-knowledge report will be assessed and determined on the basis of the results of certain ongoing clinical trials on this topic. The results of these trials are expected to be published starting in 2023-2024. An update may be necessary if there is a significant amount of new available data for any of the aspects examined in this state-of-knowledge report.

The impact of anthracyclines in intermediate and high-risk HER2-negative early breast cancer-a pooled analysis of the randomised clinical trials PlanB and SUCCESS C.

BACKGROUND: Anthracycline/cyclophosphamide-taxane-containing chemotherapy (AC-T) is the standard of care in the adjuvant treatment of HER2-negative early breast cancer (EBC), but recent studies suggest omission of anthracyclines for reduced toxicity without compromising efficacy. METHODS: Based on individual patient data (n = 5924) pooled from the randomised Phase III trials PlanB and SUCCESS C, we compared disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) between intermediate to high-risk HER2-negative EBC-patients treated with either six cycles of docetaxel/cyclophosphamide (TC6) or an AC-T regime using univariable and adjusted multivariable Cox regression models. RESULTS: AC-T conferred no significant DFS or OS advantage in univariable (DFS: hazard ratio (HR) for TC vs. AT 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89-1.24, P = 0.57; OS: HR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.80-1.26, P = 1.00) and adjusted multivariable analysis (DFS: HR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.86-1.19, P = 0.91; OS: HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.77-1.22, P = 0.79). Patients receiving TC6 had significantly fewer grade 3-4 adverse events. Exploratory subgroup analysis showed that AC-T was associated with significantly better DFS and OS in pN2/3 patients, specifically in those with lobular histology. CONCLUSION: For most patients with HER2-negative EBC, AC-T is not associated with a survival benefit compared to TC6. However, patients with lobular pN2/pN3 tumours seem to benefit from anthracycline-containing chemotherapy.

A prospective phase II clinical trial identifying the optimal regimen for carboplatin plus standard backbone of anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy in triple negative breast cancer.

Addition of platinums to combination chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has shown efficacy and is increasingly accepted in the clinic, yet optimal delivery is unknown. A prospective clinical trial with TNBC patients was conducted to determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen to deliver carboplatin with standard dose dense ACT. Tissue microarray was conducted to isolate markers indicative of response to treatment. 90 TNBC patients were enrolled onto our trial. The most successful version placed the carboplatin on the second and final paclitaxel treatment with liberal hematological parameters. Our final regimen had the lowest grade 3 or 4 toxicities, no delays, no dose reductions of carboplatin, and 32% reduction in paclitaxel doses. Stage I (AJCC7) patients did well with carboplatin-based chemotherapy with zero relapse rate. Reduction in protein levels of androgen receptor and PD-L1 were found to be potential indicators of patient relapse. We have optimized a protocol for the addition of carboplatin to standard of care chemotherapy in TNBC patients. Early data indicates reduced protein levels of androgen receptor and PD-L1 as indicators of response to treatment.Trial registration This trial was registered at Canadian Cancer Trials. http://www.canadiancancertrials.ca/.

Real-world outcomes with second-line therapy in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using SEER-Medicare data.

Aim: To characterize real-world patterns of second-line treatment and outcomes in older patients with advanced/metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Patients and methods: Patients aged ≥66 years diagnosed with advanced/metastatic ESCC between 2010 and 2015 and followed through 2016 were included in this retrospective analysis using SEER-Medicare data. Results: Of 756 patients with advanced/metastatic ESCC, 104 (14%) received second-line therapy; median duration of treatment was 1.5 months. Median overall survival was 5.7 months for all patients receiving second-line treatment, and 4.5, 5.6 and 8.5 months, respectively, for patients receiving taxane monotherapy, taxane combination therapy and nontaxane therapy. Conclusion: A small proportion of patients with advanced/metastatic ESCC received second-line therapy, which was associated with short duration of treatment and poor overall survival.

This study assessed how US physicians have been treating a common type of esophageal cancer, known as squamous cell carcinoma, which has spread from the esophagus to other parts of the body (advanced/metastatic cancer). We looked at information from US cancer registry data on 756 people who were 66 years and older and diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. Only 14% of people received a second kind of chemotherapy after their first chemotherapy was stopped. People received their second chemotherapy for a short period (approximately 6 weeks) and lived for approximately 6 months on average from start of treatment. This research highlights that more effective treatments are needed for older people with advanced/metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Comparison of Autologous Breast Reconstruction Complications by Type of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Regimen.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before mastectomy helps reduce tumor burden and pathologic response in breast cancer. Limited evidence exists regarding how neoadjuvant chemotherapy impacts outcomes following microvascular breast reconstruction. This study examines the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens and schedules on microvascular breast reconstruction complication rates and also assesses the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on circulating immune cells related to wound healing. METHODS: Patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and microvascular breast reconstruction at Yale New Haven Hospital between 2013 and 2018 were identified. Demographic variables, oncologic history, chemotherapy regimens, and complication profiles were collected. Chemotherapy regimens were stratified by inclusion of anthracycline and order of taxane administration. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and t tests were used for univariate analysis. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to control for covariates. RESULTS: One hundred patients met inclusion criteria. On multivariate analysis, the administration of taxane first in an anthracycline-containing chemotherapy sequence was associated with increased complications (OR, 3.521; p = 0.012), particularly fat necrosis (OR, 2.481; p = 0.040). In the logistic regression model evaluating the effect of the taxane-first regimen on complication rates, the area under the curve was estimated to be 0.760 (p < 0.0001), particularly fat necrosis 0.635 (p < 0.05). The dosage of chemotherapy, number of days between neoadjuvant chemotherapy completion and surgery, and number of circulating immune cells did not significantly differ among patients who experienced complications. CONCLUSIONS: Taxane-first, anthracycline-containing neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens were associated with increased complications, particularly fat necrosis. The increased postreconstruction complication risk must be weighed against the benefits of taxane-first regimens in improving tumor outcome. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Serum Biomarkers for Chemotherapy Cardiotoxicity Risk Detection of Breast Cancer Patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate level fluctuations of serum biomarkers that are associated with cardiotoxicity risk, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B) in response to chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer. METHOD: The serum levels of hs-CRP and Apo-B were evaluated in 56 breast cancer patients with main inclusion criteria: HER2 negative and who received adjuvant chemotherapy AC [A: Adriamycin, C: Cyclophosphamide] or AC→T [A: Adriamycin, C: Cyclophosphamide, T: Taxane] regimes at early II (n = 26) and late IV (n = 30) clinical stages by using particle enhanced turbidimetric assay. RESULTS: The results of this study suggest that a high level of pre-treatment hs-CRP is a good prognostic marker in comparison to Apo-B. Moreover, the AC-T chemotherapy regime treatment in both early and late stages exhibited a significantly higher level of hs-CRP compared to that in the AC regime. Hs-CRP was significantly elevated in the early stage in comparison to the late stage among cancer patients, meanwhile Apo-B behaved inversely. Furthermore, the results showed that hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in late-stage cancer patients compared with those in early-stage in both chemotherapy regimens groups. On the other hand, Apo-B showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: Monitoring hs-CRP level changes in comparison to Apo-B can be used to assist the side effect risk difference among different chemotherapy regimens, and staging reflecting a positive correlation between them more notable in the late stage.

Genetic variants predictive of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy symptoms in gynecologic cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify genetic variants associated with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) symptoms among gynecologic cancer survivors and determine the variants' predictive power in addition to age and clinical factors at time of diagnosis. METHODS: Participants of a prospective cohort study on gynecologic cancers provided a DNA saliva sample and reported CIPN symptoms (FACT/GOG-Ntx). Genotyping of 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified as related to platinum- or taxane-induced neuropathy was performed using iPLEX Gold method. Risk allele carrier frequencies of 19 SNPs that passed quality checks were compared between those with/without high CIPN symptoms using logistic regression, adjusting for age. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves using clinical risk factors (age, diabetes, BMI, Charlson Comorbidity Index, previous cancer diagnosis) with and without the identified SNPs were compared. RESULTS: 107 individuals received platinum or taxane-based chemotherapy and provided sufficient DNA for analysis. Median age was 65.1 years; 39.6% had obesity and 8.4% diabetes; most had ovarian (58.9%) or uterine cancer (29.0%). Two SNPs were significantly associated with high CIPN symptomatology: rs3753753 in GPX7, OR = 2.55 (1.13, 5.72) and rs139887 in SOX10, 2.66 (1.18, 6.00). Including these two SNPs in a model with clinical characteristics led to an improved AUC for CIPN symptomatology (0.65 vs. 0.74, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic and clinical characteristics were predictive of higher CIPN symptomatology in gynecologic cancer survivors, and combining these factors resulted in superior predictive power compared with a model with clinical factors only. Prospective validation and assessment of clinical utility are warranted.

Second-line Chemotherapy for Previously Treated Metastatic Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. This study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of second-line chemotherapy for patients with SBA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics of 27 metastatic patients with SBA after progression on first-line chemotherapy. The patients were divided into Cohort A, receiving second-line chemotherapy, and Cohort B, receiving best supportive care. RESULTS: Patients in Cohort B had higher age, worse performance status, and higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio compared with those in Cohort A. Cohort A showed significantly better overall survival (OS) compared with Cohort B (median OS, 15.6 vs. 3.4 months; p=0.002). Objective response rate, disease control rate, and median progression-free survival (PFS) for Cohort A were 7%, 74%, and 5.0 months, respectively. Patients who underwent irinotecan-based chemotherapy showed longer PFS and OS compared with those who underwent taxane-based chemotherapy. No significant adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Second-line chemotherapy for metastatic SBA demonstrated clinical activity with acceptable toxicities.

Anthracycline-containing regimens or taxane versus S-1 as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: We have previously demonstrated S-1 is non-inferior to taxane with respect to overall survival as first-line chemotherapy for HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. We aimed to confirm whether S-1 is also non-inferior to anthracycline-containing regimens in the same setting. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, non-inferiority, Phase 3 study. Individuals who had HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer, had received no chemotherapy for advanced disease and had endocrine therapy resistance, were randomly assigned to the anthracycline-containing regimens or S-1. The primary endpoint was overall survival. A pre-planned combined analysis of our two Phase 3 studies was also carried out. RESULTS: We enrolled 230 patients (anthracycline, n = 115; S-1, n = 115). Median overall survival was 30.1 months (95% CI 24.9-35.8) with the S-1 group and 33.7 months (95% CI 25.5-36.9) with the anthracycline group. The HR for the anthracycline group was 1.09 (95% CI 0.80-1.48). The combined analysis constituted 814 patients (395 assigned to standard treatment (anthracycline or taxane); 419 assigned to S-1). Median overall survival was 36.3 months in the standard treatment group and 32.7 months in the S-1 group. S-1 was non-inferior to standard treatment in terms of overall survival (HR 1.06 (95% CI 0.90-1.25); P non-inferiority = 0.0062). CONCLUSIONS: S-1 could be considered a new treatment option for first-line chemotherapy for patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The University Hospital Medical Information Network, Japan: UMIN000005449. This trial was registered on 15 April, 2011.

Combination Therapy of Metastatic Castration-Recurrent Prostate Cancer: Hyaluronic Acid Decorated, Cabazitaxel-Prodrug and Orlistat Co-Loaded Nano-System.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men in developed countries. Cabazitaxel (CBZ) is recommended as one of the most active chemotherapy agents for PCa. This study aimed to develop a hyaluronic acid (HA) decorated, cabazitaxel-prodrug (HA-CBZ) and orlistat (ORL) co-loaded nano-system against the prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Cabazitaxel-prodrug was firstly synthesized by conjugating HA with CBZ through the formation of ester bonds. HA contained ORL and CBZ prodrug co-loaded lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (ORL/HA-CBZ/LPNs) were constructed and characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug loading capacity and stability. The antitumor efficiency and systemic toxicity of LPNs were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The resulting ORL/HA-CBZ/LPNs were 150.9 nm in particle size with narrow distribution and high entrapment efficiency. The minimum combination index of 0.57 was found at a drug ratio of 1:2 (ORL:HA-CBZ, w/w) in the drug co-loaded formulations, indicating the strongest synergism effect. ORL/HA-CBZ/LPNs demonstrated an enhanced in vitro and in vivo antitumor effect compared with single drug loaded LPNs and free drug formulations. CONCLUSION: ORL/HA-CBZ/LPNs showed remarkable synergism cytotoxicity and the best tumor inhibition efficiency in mice with negligible systemic toxicity. ORL/HA-CBZ/LPNs can be highly useful for targeted prostate cancer therapy.

Cabazitaxel multiple rechallenges in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Cabazitaxel multiple rechallenges may be a treatment option in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who had a good initial response to cabazitaxel and who are still fit to receive it. Our objective was to assess the efficacy and toxicity of multiple rechallenges. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 22 mCRPC patients previously treated with docetaxel and/or androgen receptor-targeted agents who received multiple cabazitaxel rechallenges in 9 French centers. Cabazitaxel was initiated at a dose of 25 mg/m2 q3week. A reduced dose (20 mg/m2 q3w) or an alternative schedule (mainly 16 mg/m2 q2w) was increasingly used for subsequent rechallenges. Progression-free survival, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response, best clinical response, and grade ≥3 toxicities were collected. Overall survival was calculated from various time points. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients with an initial response to cabazitaxel were rechallenged at least twice. The median number of cabazitaxel cycles was 7 at first cabazitaxel treatment, 6 at first rechallenge, and 5 at subsequent rechallenges. Median progression-free survival at first rechallenge was 9.6 months and 5.6 months at second rechallenge. Median overall survival was 50.9 months from the first cabazitaxel dose, 114.9 months from first life-extending therapy initiation in mCRPC, and 105 months from mCRPC diagnosis. There was no cumulative grade ≥3 neuropathy or nail disorder and one case of febrile neutropenia. CONCLUSION: Cabazitaxel multiple rechallenges may be a treatment option without cumulative toxicity in heavily pretreated patients having a good response to first cabazitaxel use and still fit to receive it. NOVELTY & IMPACT STATEMENTS: Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer can be treated with Cabazitaxel after docetaxel and androgen receptor-targeted agent. This chemotherapy can be used multiple times with efficacy and manageable toxicity.

Targeted Delivery of Cabazitaxel Using Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Biomarkers of Extracellular Matrix for Prostate and Breast Cancer Therapy.

Targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy is an emerging area of research. Cancer cells overexpress certain biomarkers that can be exploited for their targeted therapy. Cyclic cell-penetrating peptides (cCPP) are increasingly assessed for intracellular cargo delivery in cancer cells. In this study, we have conjugated cabazitaxel (CBT) to the cCPP via an ester bond to assist CBT release in the tumor's acidic environment. Integrin targeting (RGDC, TP1) and extra domain B of fibronectin (EDB-Fn) targeting (CTVRTSAD, TP2) peptides were linked to the peptide-drug conjugate (cCPP-CBT) via a disulfide bond to provide targeting ability to the conjugates until they reach the tumor site. Conjugate 11 (TP1-cCPP-CBT) and conjugate 16 (TP2-cCPP-CBT) showed approximately 3-4-fold less antiproliferative activity on integrin and EDB-FN overexpressing cancer cell lines as compared to the CBT analogue used for comparison (CBT-GA, 5). Conjugates (11 and 16) were less toxic (31-34-fold less antiproliferative activity) to the normal human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells as compared to CBT. The flow cytometry and quantitative confocal microscopy data further confirm the selective efficacy of conjugates (TP1-cCPP-FAM (10) and TP1-cCPP-FAM (15)) toward biomarker overexpressing cancer cells. Furthermore, the stability and release studies of conjugate 11 revealed its therapeutic potential under different conditions, such as human plasma, different pHs, and redox conditions. This conjugation strategy was proven to enhance chemotherapeutics agents' efficacy and targeting and can be applied to other chemotherapeutic agents.

Comparison of real-life data of abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

To compare enzalutamide (E) and abiraterone acetate (AA) in terms of efficacy, survival and to characterize prognostic factors affecting survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. A total of 250 patients treated with E or AA in 5 centers were included. The number of patients with no prostate specific antigen (PSA) decline was higher in the AA group than that in the E group, and the proportion of patients with a PSA decline of ≥ 50% was higher in the E group (p = 0.020). Radiological progression free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly longer in the E group when compared to that in the AA group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.027, respectively). In the E group, rPFS was significantly longer than that in the AA group in both pre- and post-docetaxel settings (p = 0.010 and p = 0.003, respectively). OS was similar in the pre-docetaxel setting; but in the post-docetaxel setting, E group had a significantly longer OS than the AA group (p = 0.021). In the multivariate analysis performed in the whole patient group, we found that good prognostic factors for rPFS were E treatment, being ≥ 75 years and a PSA decline of ≥ 50% while there was no factor affecting OS. With longer OS and PFS, E seems to be more suitable for mCRPC patients in the post-docetaxel setting than AA.

Activation of the ABCB1 Amplicon in Docetaxel- and Cabazitaxel-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells.

Docetaxel and cabazitaxel-based taxane chemotherapy are critical components in the management of advanced prostate cancer. However, their efficacy is hindered due to de novo presentation with or the development of resistance. Characterizing models of taxane-resistant prostate cancer will lead to creation of strategies to overcome insensitivity. We have previously characterized docetaxel-resistant C4-2B and DU145 cell line derivatives, TaxR and DU145-DTXR, respectively. In the present study, we characterize cabazitaxel-resistant derivative cell lines created from chronic cabazitaxel exposure of TaxR and DU145-DTXR cells, CabR and CTXR, respectively. We show that CabR and CTXR cells are robustly resistant to both taxanes but retain sensitivity to antiandrogens. Both CabR and CTXR cells possess increased expression of ABCB1, which is shown to mediate resistance to treatment. Interestingly, we also present evidence for coordinated overexpression of additional genes present within the 7q21.12 gene locus where ABCB1 resides. This locus, known as the ABCB1 amplicon, has been demonstrated to be amplified in multidrug-resistant tumor cells, but little is known regarding its role in prostate cancer. We show that two ABCB1-amplicon genes other than ABCB1, RUNDC3B and DBF4, promote cellular viability and treatment resistance in taxane-resistant prostate cancer models. We present evidence that coordinated amplification of ABCB1-amplicon genes is common in a subset of prostate cancer patients. These data together suggest that ABCB1-amplicon activation plays a critical role in taxane resistance.

Serum and hematologic responses after three cycles of cabazitaxel therapy as predictors of survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated the association between the early response of serum and hematological variables and the outcome of cabazitaxel therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 59 consecutive patients who had previously received docetaxel chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and who received cabazitaxel at our hospital between January 2011 and March 2020 were retrospectively reviewed and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The median follow-up period after cabazitaxel initiation was 15.2 months. The 30% prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate, median PSA progression-free survival period, and overall survival (OS) period were 45.8%, 4.3 months, and 22.6 months, respectively. Within 1 to 2 cycles of cabazitaxel, we were unable to identify hematological or serum kinetics that had a relationship with OS. Analysis of the variables after 3 cycles of cabazitaxel, however, revealed two factors, PSA decline > 30% (p = 0.016) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) decline > 30% (p = 0.044), as the predictors of favorable outcome for OS. We established a prognostic model for predicting the OS period composed of these two factors, which exhibited distinctly separated OS curves (p = 0.004). The C-index of a model incorporating these two factors was 0.703. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate that PSA and NLR decline 3 cycles after the initiation of cabazitaxel were associated with favorable outcome in patients with CRPC. Also, 3 cycles of cabazitaxel might be necessary to assess the efficacy of cabazitaxel therapy.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel cabazitaxel analogues.

Cabazitaxel is one of the most recently FDA-approved taxane anticancer agent. In view of the advantages in preclinical and clinical data of cabazitaxel over former toxoids, the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel cabazitaxel analogues were conducted. First, a novel semi-synthesis of cabazitaxel was described. This strategy is concise and efficient, which needs five steps from the 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB) moiety and a commercially available C13 side chain precursor with a 32% overall yield. Besides, this strategy avoids using many hazardous reagents that involved in the previously reported processes. Then, a panel of cabazitaxel analogues were prepared basing on this strategy. The cytotoxicity evaluations showed that the majority of these cabazitaxel analogues are potent against both A549 and KB cells and their corresponding drug-resistant cell lines KB/VCR, and A549/T, respectively. Further in vivo antitumor efficacies assessment of 7,10-di-O-methylthiomethyl (MTM) modified cabazitaxel (compounds 16 and 19) on SCID mice A549 xenograft model showed they both had similar antitumor activity to the cabazitaxel. Since compound 19 was observed causing more body wight loss on the mice than 16, these preliminary studies suggest 16 might be a potent drug candidate for further preclinical evaluation.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Promising Treatment Option for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer?

Since 2010, several treatment options have been available for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), including immunotherapeutic agents, although the clinical benefit of these agents remains inconclusive in unselected mCRPC patients. In recent years, however, immunotherapy has re-emerged as a promising therapeutic option to stimulate antitumor immunity, particularly with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors. There is increasing evidence that ICIs may be especially beneficial in specific subgroups of patients with high PD-L1 tumor expression, high tumor mutational burden, or tumors with high microsatellite instability/mismatch repair deficiency. If we are to improve the efficacy of ICIs, it is crucial to have a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to ICIs and to identify predictive biomarkers to determine which patients are most likely to benefit. This review focuses on the current status of ICIs for the treatment of mCRPC (either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs), mechanisms of resistance, potential predictive biomarkers, and future challenges in the management of mCRPC.